The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1338 Words

As the Roaring Twenties emerge nationwide, a new sense of optimism and hopefulness begin to develop throughout all walks of life. Society is rapidly changing, and the 20’s create a time in which one believes they can create a new beginning and achieve their grand ambitions and aspirations. It was an era of liberation and many took advantage of the time to branch out and find themselves in a society that usually rejected change. Women often resisted against the social norm and eliminated their long held beliefs about proper roles for their gender. They began to embrace their sexuality by defying conventional attire and discarding the standard of how women should act in public. They began by cutting their hair into a short bob, wearing†¦show more content†¦In the beginning of the novel, Daisy is portrayed as a well-liked character embodying purity in an otherwise corrupt and malicious environment. She is first illustrated and introduced to be on â€Å"†¦an enormou s couch†¦buoyed up as though upon an anchored balloon, [dressed] in white. [Her dress] was rippling and fluttering as if [she] had just been blown back in, after a short flight around the house† (Fitzgerald 8). This image of her looking so peacefully relaxed in East Egg New York, in a red and white Gregorian Colonial Mansion that overlooks the bay, paints Daisy in a beautiful scenario. It makes her appear as an angel like figure embellishing that she represents all that is good in a corrupt society. Relating Daisy to innocence is a deception of what she truly symbolizes and craves. Daisy constantly wears white to mask the fact that wealth is an essential part of her life that she wishes would grow. Daisy has an ongoing extreme attachment to materialistic goods clearly shown when â€Å"[Gatsby] took out a pile of shirts and began throwing them one by one†¦shirts of sheer linen and thick silk and fine flannel lost their folds as they fell and covered the table. Daisy bent her head into the shirts and began to cry stormily† (92). She regrets not canceling the wedding between her and Tom because she sees how wealthy Gatsby is

Analysis of Koppelmans Arguement in Support of Same Sex...

In the past few decades, the question of allowing for same-sex marriage is a recurring topic of controversy. In the houses of same-sex couples, the need for equal rights is of great importance. Currently, many states ban the marriage of same-sex couples and do not view a marriage between same-sex couples as an official marriage. These states quote the Constitutional definition of marriage as a union between a man and a woman. Therefore, with this definition, the marriage of a man and a man or a woman and a woman is unconstitutional. As of the issue date of this article, the Supreme Court had not made a national decision on same-sex marriage and the benefits entitled to that marriage. This CQ Researcher journal focuses on the topic of†¦show more content†¦Same-sex marriage defies these complex ideals. For same-sex couples, the need for a shotgun wedding is superfluous, as there are no instances of an unplanned pregnancy among same-sex couples. The delay in the procreation of same-sex couples promotes the couple to be more educated when they desire to have children. This produces a new method in which children’s needs are met. The family is more financially stable than a family of an unplanned pregnancy. This new model separates sex from reproduction; therefore, it is not threatened by sex that is not for procreation. Koppelman even questions whether the old traditional model is feasible in contemporary America. An analysis of the argument proposed by Koppelman proves to show both strengths and weaknesses in his argument. The strength in his argument is that the claim he makes is obvious, and his reasons for defending his claim are visibly stated. He states, â€Å"The claim that legalizing same-sex marriage will hurt traditional marriage is puzzling†¦ In states with legalized same-sex marriage, there has been no discernible effect on other marriages.† The behaviors of same-sex couples should not affect the behavior of heterosexual coup les. When analyzing reasons provided by Koppelman, one could note the reasons stated are all relevant to his thesis explaining the reasons why gay marriage does not effect on other marriages. When analyzing his reasons for propaganda, one will notice his use of propaganda to persuade the

Pine Beetle Free Essays

Mountain pine beetles (MPB) are the most important insect pest of Colorado’s pine forests. MPB often kill large numbers of trees annually during outbreaks. Trees that are not growing vigorously due to old age, crowding, poor growing conditions, drought, fire or mechanical damage, root disease and other causes are most likely to be attacked. We will write a custom essay sample on Pine Beetle or any similar topic only for you Order Now For a long-term remedy, thin susceptible stands. Leave well-spaced, healthy trees. For short-term controls, spray, cover, burn or peel attacked trees to kill the beetles. Preventive sprays can protect green, unattacked trees. [pic] |[pic] | |Figure 1: Adult Dendroctonus (left) versus Ips (right). Note gradually curved wing of | |Dendroctonus. Actual size of Dendroctonus from 1/8 to 1/3 inch, Ips 1/3 to 1/4 inch. | Mountain pine beetle (MPB), Dendroctonus ponderosae, is native to the forests of western North America. Periodic outbreaks of the insect, previously called the Black Hills beetle or Rocky Mountain pine beetle, can result in losses of millions of trees. Outbreaks develop irrespective of property lines, being equally evident in wilderness areas, mountain subdivisions and back yards. Even windbreak or landscape pines many miles from the mountains can succumb to beetles imported in infested firewood. Mountain pine beetles develop in pines, particularly ponderosa, lodgepole, Scotch and limber pine. Bristlecone and pinyon pine are less commonly attacked. During early stages of an outbreak, attacks are limited largely to trees under stress from injury, poor site conditions, fire damage, overcrowding, root disease or old age. However, as beetle populations increase, MPB attacks may involve most large trees in the outbreak area. A related insect, the Douglas-fir beetle (D. pseudotsugae), occasionally damages Douglas-fir. Most often, outbreaks are associated with previous injury by fire or western spruce budworm. (See fact sheet 5. 543, Western Spruce Budworms). Spruce beetle (D. rufipennis) is a pest of Engelmann and Colorado blue spruce in Colorado. Injured pines also can be attacked by the red turpentine beetle (D. valens). Mountain pine beetles and related bark beetles in the genus Dendroctonus can be distinguished from other large bark beetles in pines by the shape of the hind wing cover (Figure 1, top). In side view, it is gradually curved. The wing cover of Ips or engraver beetles, another common group of bark beetles attacking conifers, is sharply spined (Figure 1, bottom). Signs and Symptoms of MPB Attack Popcorn-shaped masses of resin, called â€Å"pitch tubes,† on the trunk where beetle tunneling begins. Pitch tubes may be brown, pink or white (Figures 2 and 6). Boring dust in bark crevices and on the ground immediately adjacent to the tree base. Evidence of woodpecker feeding on trunk. Patches of bark are removed and bark flakes lie on the ground or snow below tree. Foliage turning yellowish to reddish throughout the entire tree crown. This usually occurs eight to 10 months after a successful MPB attack. Presence of live MPB (eggs, larvae, pupae and/or adults) as well as galleries under bark. This is the most certain indicator of infestation. A hatchet for removal of bark is needed to check trees correctly (Figures 3, 5 and 8). Bluestained sapwood (Figure 9). Check at more than one point around the tree’s circumference. |[pic] | |Figure 10: Large, uninfested pine being preventively sprayed. This | |protects high-value trees and should be done annually between April 1 | |and July 1. | Natural controls of mountain pine beetle include woodpeckers and insects such as clerid beetles that feed on adults and larvae under the bark. However, during outbreaks these natural controls often fail to prevent additional attacks. Extreme cold temperatures also can reduce MPB populations. For winter mortality to be a significant factor, a severe freeze is necessary while the insect is in its most vulnerable stage; i. e. , in the fall before the larvae have metabolized glycerols, or in late spring when the insect is molting into the pupal stage. For freezing temperatures to affect a large number of larvae during the middle of winter, temperatures of at least 30 degrees below zero (Fahrenheit) must be sustained for at least five days. Logs infested with MPB can be treated in various ways to kill developing beetles before they emerge as adults in summer. One very effective way to kill larvae developing under the bark (though very labor intensive) is by peeling away the bark, either by hand or mechanically; this exposes the larvae to unfavorable conditions — the larvae will dehydrate, starve and eventually die. Logs my also be burned or scorched in a pile — preferably when there is snow on the ground (contact your local forester for assistance). They can also be buried under at least eight inches of soil, or chipped. Following beetle emergence, wood can be used without threat to other trees. Chemical control options for MPB larvae have been greatly limited in recent years. At present, there are no labeled pesticides for use on MPB. Solar treatments may be appropriate in some areas of Colorado to reduce beetle populations in infested trees. For the treatment to be effective, the temperature under the bark much reach 110 degrees Fahrenheit or more. Such treatments can be performed with or without plastic. This method is also labor intensive; contact your local forester for more details on solar treatments. Prevention An important method of prevention involves forest management. In general, MPB prefers forests that are old and dense. Managing the forest by creating diversity in age and structure with result in a healthy forest that will be more resilient and, thus, less vulnerable to MPB. Most mature Colorado forests have about twice as many trees per acre as those forests which are more resistent to MPB. Contact your local forester for more information on forest management practices. Certain formulations of carbaryl (Sevin and others) permethrin (Astro, Dragnet and others), and bifenthrin (Onyx) are registered for use to prevent attacks on individual trees. These sprays are applied to living green trees in early summer to kill or deter attacking beetles. This preventive spray is generally quite effective through one MPB flight (one year). |[pic] | |Figure 11: The appearance of a forest thinned to help prevent MPB. This| |can also improve mountain views and reduce fire hazard. | During epidemic conditions, the pressure from beetle populations may result in less satisfactory results due to several factors: How to cite Pine Beetle, Essay examples

Enterprise Architecture Strategy and Governance †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Enterprise Architecture Strategy and Governance. Answer: Introduction The present scenario given is the Logistics of ABC regarding its structural change that includes a new CEO, CTO, CIO and a chairman. The new CEO of the company is Mark Dale. He wants to change the business strategy of the company. He wants his company to be the leading logistics supplier across the regions of its operation particularly in its parcel supplier and also increase its revenue to ten percent. An enterprise architecture charter was developed which defines drivers, guiding principles and objectives of the enterprise. The head of the ABC business signed the charter and initiated the enterprise architecture project. All the acquisition of application and business processes and implementation of high level technology were put together in architecture document and were submitted for the approval of Mark. The recent downturn of Australian dollar hit the company very badly. Many of scheduled technology investments of ABC architecture were affordable no more due to this decline value of dollar. This changed the architecture of the company and the business strategy of the company. The CEO had to take difficult decision regarding the architecture of the company because it had to give priority of the IS/IT investment associated with the enterprise architecture. As the value of dollar has not increased in the Asian Region, mark decided to focus on the development of the new logistics markets in those regions. Because of growing middle class countries in the Asian Region, Mark decided its strategic focus on those regions particularly. Mark was very confident about the approach he was taking and was concerned at the same time. He wanted to know the governance framework and approach a planning that will have IS/IT framework and the aligned the investment with the strategic objectives of ABC that will ensure the benefit of the technology that is invested. Importance of IT governance For controlling, developing and introducing IT governance more precisely, the company has to build a more exact framework that is suitable for the organization that deals with roles, responsibilities and power of decision making (Carman et al. 2013). Five regions of domains are described below from which the framework defines which of the functions it has to follow. Strategic Alignment- The strategy of the IT and the strategy of company should be kept on a single line. Value Delivery- The value that is contributed by the IT sector to the success of the company is be evaluated and measured. Management of Risk- Identification and management of risk is also done by IT governance. Resource Management- For efficient use and goal oriented resources, decisions are to be made. Performance Measurement- appraisal and measurement of the degree of implementation are to be done on first four domain of the organization. Reviews on areas of an IS/IT governance framework Many incidents of high profile of frauding the corporate world and the failures related to them have arrived in the recent years to highlight the corporate governance in business world (Ruggie 2014). The significant factor and fundamental tool of business planning is regarded by the IT governance (Rosemann and Brocke 2015). In most of the corporate business, mechanisms to adjust corporate governance effectively along with management have also got the highest priority. The absence of frameworks that are applicable, best practices working and the standards are all hampered by the deployment of IT governance that is effective. The IT governance has made the corporate business world more effective in this recent world (Arnaldi and Bianchi 2016). IT governance objective sand needs are realized to guide the company in many different ways. Governance of IT is: To align the business strategy with the technology strategy and have an understanding of the business strategy. Clarity should be provided between the IT initiatives and the business strategy with drawing links between project and business objectives. Preparation of business for all initiatives is provided clearly. It is not only important to create links, but to also to provide the way that helps in building the business case. Determining about which initiatives are to move forward for the betterment of the business. Attain the agreement on which the priorities are to be finished first. For accomplishment of the initiatives, understanding of the resources is necessary. Priorities on resources are established by good governance. Discussion on the Framework for IT Governance of the Enterprise IT Governance framework is to be implemented by an organization which helps in continuous adjustment with governance of enterprise and the main drivers that are both external and internal (Too and Weaver 2014). These are directed to strategy of the company goals, objectives and planning of the company. Utilization of standards of industry and the practices that are considered as the best practices in the framework of IT with the requirement of business and need that are explicit (De Haes and Van Grembergen 2015). The model of the IT Governance on top level of organization with responsibilities, accountability and roles are driven. The duty of the employees are enforced and defined through the organization. Approaches and challenges of IT governance framework There are many standards that are followed by the IT governance. The main component of framework that is followed by the government has seven standards for the organization (Conyon 2014). The standards that are applied to the organizations are required to disclose a statement regarding Annual Corporate Governance Attestation giving an outline to the arrangements of the government and also prove the main information that is related with their operation. The details of the seven standards that are followed by IT Governance come in sections 2.2.1 to 2.2.7. 2.2.1 Standard 1: Oversight frameworks and robust governance are established. Standard 2: Clinical responsibilities that are understood and allocated are ensured clearly. Standard 3: Strategic services and direction for organization are set. Standard 4: Servicing the performance of delivery and monitoring financial. Standard 5: Ethical conduct and high professional standards are maintained. Standard 6: Decisions that affects the stakeholder are to be taken with the involvement of the stakeholders. Standard 7: Practices that involves risk management and sound audit are to be established. Approaches that organizations take to ensure stakeholders commit to a governance framework To have a common framework of governance, it helps in playing an important role in achieving gain for the organization (Harford, Mansi and Maxwell 2013). The attributes of the framework should provide governance that are effective and also address tools for reducing risk governance. The framework of the government provides a more forceful construct to evaluate the responsibility of the management that fits in the responsibility of the organization. Processes and systems are present in the framework of the government (Joseph, Ocasio and McDonnell 2014). The value and culture which helps the authority to control and direct are also present in the framework of IT governance. These activities help to account, lead and engage with the community. The achievement of the strategic objectives and consider whether the objectives led to deliver the appropriate and also the services related to cost effective is enabled by the Governance Framework. The internal control system is the important part of the governance framework. This framework is designed to control the risk to a minimum level (Nastic et al. 2015). The IT governance cannot exclude all the factors that are related to risk for achieving the policies, objectives and aims providing a reasonable but enables a complete support of effectiveness. The internal control system is depended on the process that is ongoing is formed to prioritize the available risk and analyze the risk that are achieved. The risk should be managed effectively, economically and efficiently by the governance framework. Aggregation of demand: The volumes that are bigger are always more attractive to the suppliers (Kerzner 2015). Ordering the resources in larger volumes always provide to lessen the cost of the product. The small organization that works together will always gain some benefits than those are achieved only by the large companies. The risks associated with not taking stakeholder support The risks that are associated for not taking the stakeholders support are stated as follows. Pre-defined routes for market that provides a way to integrate acquisition that are spent by the company are combine din a framework. The acquisition resource and expertise are shared. Management is contracted and risk is shared. IT Governance reduces the duty of administration in the following ways: Legal compliance is ensured and a comparison between time and cost is provided to acquire a full acquisition procedure (Deininger, Hilhorst and Songwe 2014). Through competitive acquirement, the suppliers that are capable of providing resources and the advertisement requirement are identified and few tenders may be available to reach the requirement. It is easier to compare tenders in a mini competition, especially when there is existence of different part of the framework because the services and products that make the tenders are categorized and defined at the time of establishment of the framework. Using a particular framework is not at all mandatory by the organization. They have the flexibility to choose their particular framework or the framework that provides them a cost effective procedure to run the organization. They have the reliability to follow a framework they want to. There should be availability of several suppliers in a company. The framework that provides a security of supply is a better framework. If one supplier fails to provide the requirement of the organization, there must be availability of other suppliers that can provide them the resources. References Arnaldi, S. and Bianchi, L., 2016. Introduction. InResponsibility in Science and Technology(pp. 1-14). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. Carman, K.L., Dardess, P., Maurer, M., Sofaer, S., Adams, K., Bechtel, C. and Sweeney, J., 2013. Patient and family engagement: a framework for understanding the elements and developing interventions and policies.Health Affairs,32(2), pp.223-231. Conyon, M.J., 2014. Executive compensation and board governance in US firms.The Economic Journal,124(574). De Haes, S. and Van Grembergen, W., 2015. COBIT as a Framework for Enterprise Governance of IT. InEnterprise Governance of Information Technology(pp. 103-128). Springer International Publishing. Deininger, K., Hilhorst, T. and Songwe, V., 2014. Identifying and addressing land governance constraints to support intensification and land market operation: Evidence from 10 African countries.Food Policy,48, pp.76-87. Harford, J., Mansi, S.A. and Maxwell, W.F., 2013. Corporate governance and firm cash holdings in the US. InCorporate governance(pp. 107-138). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Joseph, J., Ocasio, W. and McDonnell, M.H., 2014. The structural elaboration of board independence: Executive power, institutional logics, and the adoption of CEO-only board structures in US corporate governance.Academy of Management Journal,57(6), pp.1834-1858. Kerzner, H., 2015.Project management 2.0: leveraging tools, distributed collaboration, and metrics for project success. John Wiley Sons. Nastic, S., Vgler, M., Inzinger, C., Truong, H.L. and Dustdar, S., 2015, March. rtgovops: A runtime framework for governance in large-scale software-defined iot cloud systems. InMobile Cloud Computing, Services, and Engineering (MobileCloud), 2015 3rd IEEE International Conference on(pp. 24-33). IEEE. Rosemann, M. and vom Brocke, J., 2015. The six core elements of business process management. InHandbook on business process management 1(pp. 105-122). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Ruggie, J.G., 2014. Global governance and new governance theory: Lessons from business and human rights.Global Governance,20(1), pp.5-17. Too, E.G. and Weaver, P., 2014. The management of project management: A conceptual framework for project governance.International Journal of Project Management,32(8), pp.1382-1394.

Essay Paper free essay sample

Freeman Honors Scholar Program Scholarship. Presently, am a junior in the nursing program. I believe my chosen profession will enable me to fulfill all of my desires to help others, to continuously expand my knowledge base and skills and to travel the world. Throughout my life I have participated in extracurricular activities including valuable volunteer experiences. Believe I deserve to be selected for one of your foundations scholarships because as a hard working student commit yeses to effectively take advantage of the opportunity that the scholarships will provide me.Besides, I am a student that does not only persistently works hard academically, but also constantly try to improve my own communitys quality of life by doing volunteer work. Try to connect my passion for education with my desire of helping others. I am grateful to find opportunities like the one that your foundation is providing to students like me who are constantly fighting for the right to receive an education. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I remain persistent ND will keep working hard until reach my career goals.I am hopeful to become one of your foundations scholarship recipients, so that can continue on my pathway to become a Chaplain. I decided that I will attain a career as a Chaplain since my passion has always been assisting others and trying to improve their quality of life. Therefore, think that pursuing such a career will provide me the opportunity to help improve the communitys Spiritual health quality conditions and learn about their medical needs.

Saladin - Muslim Hero - Salah Ad-din Yusuf Ibn Ayyub

Saladin - Muslim Hero - Salah Ad-din Yusuf Ibn Ayyub Saladin was also known as: Al-malik An-nasir Salah Ad-din Yusuf I. Saladin is a westernization of Salah Ad-din Yusuf Ibn Ayyub. Saladin was known for: founding the Ayyubid dynasty and capturing Jerusalem from the Christians. He was the most famous Muslim hero and a consummate military tactician. Occupations: SultanMilitary LeaderCrusader Adversary Places of Residence and Influence: AfricaAsia: Arabia Important Dates: Born: c. 1137Victorious at Hattin: July 4, 1187Recaptured Jerusalem: Oct. 2, 1187Died: March 4, 1193 About Saladin: Saladin was born to a well-off Kurdish family in Tikrit and grew up in Balbek and Damascus. He began his military career by joining the staff of his uncle Asad ad-Din Shirkuh, an important commander. By 1169, at the age of 31, he had been appointed vizier of the Fatimid caliphate in Egypt as well as commander of the Syrian troops there. In 1171, Saladin abolished the Shiite caliphate and proclaimed a return to Sunni Islam in Egypt, whereupon he became that countrys sole ruler. In 1187 he took on the Latin Crusader Kingdoms, and on July 4 of that year he scored a resounding victory at the Battle of Hattin. On October 2, Jerusalem surrendered. In retaking the city, Saladin and his troops behaved with great civility that contrasted sharply with the bloody actions of the western conquerors eight decades earlier. However, though Saladin managed to reduce the number of cities held by the Crusaders to three, he failed to capture the coastal fortress of Tyre. Many Christian survivors of the recent battles took refuge there, and it would serve as a rallying point for future Crusader attacks. The recapture of Jerusalem had stunned Christendom, and the result was the launch of a third Crusade. Over the course of the Third Crusade, Saladin managed to keep the greatest fighters of the West from making any significant advances (including the notable Crusader, Richard the Lionheart). By the time fighting was finished in 1192, the Crusaders held relatively little territory in the Levantine. But the years of fighting had taken their toll, and Saladin died in 1193. Throughout his life he had displayed a total lack of pretension and was generous with his personal wealth; upon his death his friends discovered hed left no funds to pay for his burial. Saladins family would rule as the Ayyubid dynasty until it succumbed to the Mamluks in 1250. More Saladin Resources: Saladin in PrintBiographies,   primary sources, examinations   of Saladins military career, and books for younger readers . Saladin on the WebWebsites that offer biographical information on the Muslim hero and background  on the situation in the Holy Land during his lifetime. Medieval IslamThe Crusades Chronological Index Geographical Index Index by Profession, Achievement, or Role in Society The text of this document is copyright  ©2004-2015 Melissa Snell. You may download or print this document for personal or school use, as long as the URL below is included. Permission is  not  granted to reproduce this document on another website. For publication permission,  please  contact  Melissa Snell. The URL for this document is:http://historymedren.about.com/od/swho/p/saladin.htm

New service development proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

New service development proposal - Assignment Example The management of the organization can also promote the museum in UK especially among the youth and students through the new service development plan implementation. Notably, the objective can be done accomplished through staff training. Analysis of Environment and the Existing Service PEST Analysis Political Environment It has been observed that building cross party political support is quite vital for organizations in the museum sector of UK. It has been analyzed that due to the social, educational and cultural value of the museums, the government has been quite supportive towards the industry in UK. The government also provide funds to museums in order to develop them (Crown, 2013a). Economic Environment It has been observed that museum industry has been a major part of the tourism industry of UK. Eventually, this factor had a significant impact on the economic factors affecting the museum industry of the country. It has been noticed in this regard that museum and galleries are pr ime attractions for both the international and the local visitors in UK. However, in recent times, the numbers of visitors who visit museums have been observed to considerably fall (NMDC, 2010). Social Environment It is believed that the operations of any kind of museum would strengthen the society owing to which it intends to deliver education, inspire people, nourishes mind and behaviour of the people of the society. Moreover people of UK thing of museum as a place in which people visit and inspire them. People believed that Cultural heritage are also be preserved by museums (Museum Association, 2013). Technological Environment Technology is an important aspect of the museum industry. It is believed that through the incorporation of advance technology in museums, customers belonging to the young age could be attracted at a larger proportion. The government of the country thus seeks to implement advanced technology in museums so that maximum number of people (specially the youth) s hall visit museums and gather knowledge about culture and heritage of UK (Tallon & Walker, 2008). Existing Services Derby Museum functions as an independent trust that operates for and on the behalf of the people of Derby. They also provide services to channelize information related to art, history and social culture that are accessible by the community at large. It has been observed in this context that the main aim of the organization is to showcase and inform about various types of arts to the common public so that it could delight as well as inspire the people visiting the museum towards the heritage of the region and the world (Derby Museum, n.d.). Consumer Behaviour towards the Museum Sector of UK Consumers are undoubtedly quite vital in any kind of industry structure including museums. In the recent phenomenon, there have been rapid changes in the behaviour and tastes of the customers of UK non-profit service industry which has again created a significant impact on the prospe rity and growth potentials of UK museum sector. It has been analysed

Prepare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Prepare - Essay Example This is because preparations simply help a person consider all the aspects that need to be thought about. For instance, when a student prepares all what he needs right after an assignment is given, it is most unlikely that he would forget important details. On the contrary, the person who procrastinates tends to miss necessary points because by the time he starts on the task, he would already be feeling nervous because of the deadline that needs to be met. This results to a bad performance. In preparing to write an essay, one should gather all the information that is needed. For instance, when a student is asked to write about a person, he should find all the books, internet sources, magazines, persons to interview and other sources of information that will help him complete the paper. A draft should also be made to guide the student in his writing activity. While gathering the information and drafting the skeletal frame of the paper, one should also think about his approach so that by the time he sits to write, he will already have the general idea about how the paper is going to look like. With the preparations mentioned above, the outcome will be a well-written

Taxation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Taxation - Assignment Example 129). The anti-abuse rule introduced by HMRC strikes down the tax avoidance schemes, regardless of whether they are technically sound. It is possible to implement the law correctly if the avoidance scheme is abusive. HMRC could view the situation as a violation in case the gain was not disclosed. One of the professional requirements of a member would be to ensure that he does not assist a client to arrange or commit an offence since it is unlawful (Chartered Institute of Taxation, 2011, p. 20). From an ethical viewpoint, the most appropriate thing to do would be to advise Henry to avoid such a consideration since it is not legal. It would be vital to give Henry appropriate advice since he continues to act for him as a client. After the expiry of an initial period of an official enquiry, the Tax Management Act (section 29) provided a mechanism that would assist in the assessment of an individual’s income tax. The mechanism also assists in the assessment of capital gains in the following four years. Such assessments might take place regardless of whether they are in support or whether they are the consequences of an enquiry. The power to make the assessment is triggered when an HMRC officer makes a discovery that complies with the rules specified in Section 29. In Henry’s case, the discovery relates to the development of an insufficiency in an assessment. The self-assessment process provides HMRC with a straightforward system that assists in the mitigation of uncertainty. HMRC has the power to correct the glaring omissions, which is one of the ways through which the revenue can require additional tax liabilities. Conversely, the corrections can impose excessive reliefs under section 29. If the tax agent fails to provide information requested by HMRC, the body will investigate the agency to determine the possibility of dishonest conduct. In the case of a failure to supply information required, HMRC will charge the agent with civil penalties. Subsequently,

The Slave Trade: British Industrial Revolution

The Slave Trade: British Industrial Revolution The debate over whether west African slave trade fueled the British industrial revolution or not has gone on for quite some time and will continue to do so for many more years. Research has been done, claims have been made, and there are arguments benefitting both sides of the debate. West African slave trade did, in fact, fuel the British industrial revolution and this can be found by researching the profits made by slave trade practices, the growth of two major British banks as the result of the profits, the growth of the transportation industry, the increase in overseas trade, and the support of the British people. The profits made by slave trade practices have been disputed by many historians with the argument that they have been grossly overstated. However, Barbara Solow, as cited by William Darity, Jr., uses the following quote to say just the opposite: If slave trade profits were eight percent of investment in Britain in 1770, is that small when today total corporate profits amount to forty percent? No industry manages as much as eight percent. Solows quote was made in 1980, so with the knowledge that no single industry was able to produce revenue of eight percent then, when industry was continuing to grow, it can be safely inferred that west African slave trade did provide significant profits that were used to promote the industrial revolution. Not only were the profits made by African slave trading large, but they were frequently invested into banks and textile factories, both of which were a huge part of the industrial revolution. Two of Britains largest and most successful banks, Barclays and Lloyds, each received a large amount of slave trade profits throughout the eighteenth century. Both of these banks, among others in Liverpool and Manchester, became very important to the industrial revolution as they were able to provide credit to new British industries as they were getting started. Although it is impossible to say that Britains industrial revolution would never have taken place if it had not been boosted by the profits provided by slave trade, it is easy to believe that it would have been postponed for a lengthy amount of time. The banking industry was not the only one that was launched during the time of slave trade. The transportation industry also grew. The growth of the transportation industry is quite easy to see in eighteenth century Britain because in order to go through the motions of triangular trade it was necessary for British crewmen to have access to ships. As more and more ships were built and then bought for use in triangular trade, it made it possible for the transportation industry to grow and, in turn, provide more capital for Britain and its growing industries, along with employment opportunities for British men. Although slave trade played a pivotal role in eighteenth century Britain, there were other things taking place that had a significant impact on society. Triangular trade, taking place between Britain, Africa, and North America, also played a part in Britains industrial revolution. According to David Richardson, the official value of British exports rose almost six fold over the century while imports increased over fivefold. An increase that large in the value of British exports results in another set of great profits being made, and many of the products that were exported could be tied directly back to the manual labor of west Africans purchased during the slave trade. Had the slave trade not taken place, Britains exports, imports, and trade in general would not have had the opportunity to grow as it did. Finally, the slave trade had the support of the British people. In 1788, Parliament held hearings on the slave trade practices and sought information to determine whether or not it should be abolished. Various people either testified or wrote letters to convey their feelings about the slave trade, and many expressed the view that abolishing slave trade would be detrimental to the health of Britains growing industries and society. James Penny wrote such a letter, and expressed his opinion by saying, Should this trade be abolished, it would not only affect the Commercial Interest, but also the Landed Property of the County of Lancaster, and more particularly the Town of Liverpool, whose fall, in that case, would be as rapid as its Rise has been outstanding. A second letter read, The effects of this trade to Great Britain are beneficial to an infinite extent and there is hardly any Branch of Commerce in which this nation is concerned that does not derive some advantage from it. As these are real quotes from British citizens during the time of the slave trade, it becomes obvious that the men working in the newly industrialized version of Britain felt that the countrys industrial success came about because of the slave trade. As mentioned earlier, the debate over whether the slave trade truly fueled Britains industrial revolution is not new. However, there is significant evidence pointing to west African slave trade having a profound effect on British industrialization, and this evidence can be seen in the profits made by slave trade practices, the growth of British banks as the result of the profits, the growth of the transportation industry, the increase in overseas trade, and the overall support of slave trade by the British people.

Essay on William Shakespeares Fools -- Biography Biographies Essays

Shakespeare's Fools      Ã‚   Shakespeare used foolish characters in his plays to make points that he considers highly important. I had previously supposed that Shakespeare was an entertainer who sprinkled his writing with observations about humanity and its place in the world to please critics. However, I discovered that he was a gifted writer who had a penetrating understanding the condition of humanity in the world and sprinkled his plays with fools and jokes meant for the common man as a way of conceding to his audience's intellectual level. Or, as Walter Kaufmann said in his essay "Shakespeare: Between Socrates and Existentialism," Shakespeare "came to terms with the obtuseness of his public: he gave his pearls a slight odor of the sty before he cast them." Kaufmann continues his essay by saying that Shakespeare, unlike many modern artists, "turned the challenge of a boorish, lecherous, and vulgar audience to advantage and increased the richness and the subtlety of drama." (Kaufmann 3)    Perhaps the best example of Shakespeare's use of the fool (and certainly the best in any Shakespearean play that I have read) is Falstaff in I Henry IV. In "The Fortunes of Falstaff," Wilson claims that Falstaff is the embodiment of the vice of Vanity: he is cowardly in battle, proud and pretentious, dishonest, conniving, lacks respect for the property of others, and is concerned only with wine, tavern wenches, and comfort. It would be easy for a reader (or play-watcher) unfamiliar with Shakespeare to conclude, in our own time, that Falstaff has been included in the drama solely to provide entertainment value.    However, Falstaff is also essential to the play in many ways. He is necessary in the development of Prince Hal, ... ...han I first supposed. Rather than being mere device for the entertainment of his audience, Bottom and Falstaff (and many of his other characters) are used, in these cases to contrast the other characters of his plays, to make important points that Shakespeare wishes his audience to understand. They are integral parts of Shakespeare's drama.    References Kaufmann, Walter. "Shakespeare: Between Socrates and Existentialism" in From Shakespeare to Existentialism. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980. Shakespeare, William. The Comedy of Errors. New York: Penguin, 1965. Shakespeare, William. Henry IV, Part I. New York: Penguin, 1965. Shakespeare, William. A Midsummer Night's Dream. New York: Penguin, 1965. Wilson, John Dover. "From The Fortunes of Falstaff" in Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part I. Ed. Maynard Mack. New York: Penguin, 1965.

The Great Gatsby – Reactions to Myrtle Wilson’s Death

Reactions to Myrtle Wilson's Death in The Great Gatsby In the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Jay Gatsby is a passenger in the car which strikes Myrtle Wilson, which is driven by Daisy Buchanan. After the car hits Myrtle, Daisy continues to drive, but collapses on Gatsby, forcing him to drive. At the Buchanan's house, Nick Carraway talks to Gatsby, who â€Å"[speaks] as if Daisy's reaction [is] the only thing that [matters]† (136). Due to his incessant love for daisy, he only focuses towards Daisy's emotions and even takes the blame for her.Regardless Myrtle's death, Gatsby's dream of having Daisy to himself makes him center his attention to her feelings after the accident. In the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Nick Carraway arrives at George Wilson's garage with Jordan Baker and Tom Buchanan after Myrtle Wilson dies. After leaving the crime scene, Nick arrives at the Buchanan house and is approached by Jordan. She tries to comfort Nick, however, h e declines her invitation to the house and starts to feel â€Å"a little sick and [wants] to be alone†¦ He [has] had enough of all of them for one day† (135/136).He becomes tired of being tied into all the drama and secrets of New York and tries to isolate himself from the others in order to find a peace of mind. As a result of all the sudden occurrences in East Egg and West Egg, he concludes that leaving the situation will lead to his own contentment. In the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Daisy Buchanan is the driver of the vehicle which strikes Myrtle Wilson. Daisy continues to drive after hitting her, however she collapses on Jay Gatsby as he pulls on the emergency brake, forcing him to take over the vehicle.After they arrive at the Buchanan house, Daisy â€Å"[locks] herself into her room,† (137) while in a state of shock. She cannot believe that she hit another person on the road and isolates herself for a moment, in order to sort out her emoti ons. As a result of losing her nerve on the road, she hides from the others and places herself in disbelief. In the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Tom Buchanan arrives at George Wilson's garage with Jordan Baker and Nick Carraway after Myrtle Wilson dies. After Tom comforts George, he comes to a conclusion Gatsby hit Myrtle and denounces him as a coward on his way back to his house.As Tom is speaking, Nick realizes â€Å"a change [has] come over [Tom], [as] he [speaks] gravely, and with decision† (135). Gatsby's intrusion in his personal life creates a spark within Tom, in which he begins to care more for his wife. With the belief of Gatsby killing his mistress, Tom changes his attitude, in order to prove his love for his wife and to make sure that Gatsby cannot achieve his goal of taking Daisy away from him. In the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Jordan Baker arrives at George Wilson's garage with Tom Buchanan and Nick Carraway after Myrtle Wilso n dies.She leaves with the rest of her group, and tries to comfort Nick at the Buchanan house. After being rejected by him, â€Å"she [turns] abruptly away and [runs] up the porch steps into the house† (136). As a result of being dishonest, cynical, and self-centered, she is unwilling to change her attitude in order to persist on consoling Nick. She stays true to her deceitful nature as she is reluctant to suit his needs. In the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald George Wilson is the husband of Myrtle Wilson, who dies after being hit by a car.Before the accident, he suspects his wife is having an affair with another man. After her death, he becomes speechless and â€Å"[stands] on the raised threshold of his office, swaying back and forth and holding to the doorposts with both hands† (132). The sudden death of his wife places him in a state of shock, where he is having trouble sorting out his emotions and thoughts. Despite Tom's efforts at comforting him, Ge orge remains distraught at the fact that he could not stop his wife from running out and instantly dying on the road.

High School is Fun, Changes, and Learning

High School is Fun, Changes, and Learning Depending on our circumstances in life, most of us typically went to high school at age 12 and graduated at age 17. This age group according to child growth and development chart are the early and middle-late stages of adolescent life. These stages are Early (12-14 years), Middle (15-17 years), and Late (18-20 years). Adolescence or puberty is a biological event, an episode in our life when we as a growing child experienced changes in physical appearance, psychological orientation, and sociological construct similar to that of a young adult. For instance, changes in the way we perceive ourselves, the way we think, acquire knowledge, solve problems, etc., the way we value our autonomy and identity, and the way we see the opposite sex. REMEMBERING OUR FIRST STAGE OF EDUCATION In the Early and Middle stages of adolescence, we developed self-esteem and individuality, and learn key thinking and conceptual skills, math and  reading competencies in school. Most of us during this stage were already capable of acquiring the  information we need, solve problems on our own, deal with almost any situation, and contemplate our ability to succeed Later in the middle stage, most of us were already sociable and able to accept different points of views. We also spent more time with friends and extracurricular activities than with our family. Moreover, those were the days when we start taking our studies seriously, improved our social skills further, decide on our own, and became more conscious with our personality. Finally, it was the first that we became concern about our future and the career that we cherished today. First Is Not Always Best but Unforgettable The years we had in high school are special and indeed memorable. It was when we first experienced adulthood, learned to value others, saw the need to think, decide, and solve problems on our own. It was during those happy years that we start developing our self-esteem, attempt self-sufficiency, and care for the opposite sex. We were novices, we know so little about the world but it was fun. We jumped for joy whenever solved our math problems. Smile when learned something of value. We were in bliss whenever we worked hard and passed the test. We laughed at almost anything including our own mistake and stupidity. The valuable academic skills and competencies provided by our high school teachers helped us reached our goals and become productive members of our society today. We must never forget that. Moreover, the good thing about high school memories is not about the hilarious experiences we had but the embarrassment in class that taught us to focus more on our studies and endeavors in later life.

complete predicate in English grammar

complete predicate in English grammar Definition In traditional English grammar, a  complete predicate is made up of a verb or verb phrase along with its objects, complements, and/or adverbial  modifiers.  Ã‚   A verb by itself is sometimes called a simple predicate. Complete predicates are all the words in a sentence that are not part of the complete subject. Examples and Observations The four boys in the back row of the classroom  giggled helplessly. Dr. Mabel stood up and blushed and  giggled and  looked flustered. -(Robert A. Heinlein,  Time for the Stars. Scribners, 1956)The engineers struck oil. He sat down and  struck a match  to light his pipe. -(Paul Goodman, The Empire City, 1942)   Exactly at six, Martha  struck a small silver bell  with a silver fork and waited until its clear note had died away. -(Pam Durban, Soon. The Southern Review, 1997) The telescreen struck fourteen. He must leave in ten minutes.  He had to be back at  work by fourteen-thirty. Curiously, the chiming of the hour seemed to have put new heart into him.(George Orwell,  Nineteen Eighty-Four, 1949)Department stores, with their  escalators and clouds  of perfume and ranks of nylon lingerie, were like Heaven itself. -(John Updike, Self-Consciousness, 1989). Momma  opened boxes of crispy  crackers and we sat around the meat block at the rear of the Store. I sliced onions and Bailey opened two or even three cans of  sardines and allowed their juice of oil and fishing boats to ooze down and around the sides. -(Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, 1969)   After exercising, Stuart  would slip on his handsome wool wrapper, tie the cord tightly around his waist, and start for the bathroom, creeping silently through the  long dark hall  past his mothers and fathers room, past the hall closet where the carpet sweeper was kept, past Georges room and along by the head of the stairs until he got to the bathroom. -(E.B. White,  Stuart Little, 1945)      Testing to Find the Complete Predicate To figure out which words make up the complete predicate: (1) Examine the sentence: The pain from a headache generally persists for about a day.(2) Ask yourself what the subject ( The pain) does.The answer is the pain generally persists for about a day. That is the complete predicate.(3) Make up a sentence with a subject and a complete predicate. (Pamela Rice Hahn and Dennis E. Hensley, Macmillan Teach Yourself Grammar and Style in 24 Hours. Macmillan, 2000)Fronting In some alternatively ordered sentences, the subject is not the first element to appear in the sentence. Some element of the complete predicate is fronted or placed at the beginning of the sentence in front of the subject. Fronting shifts emphasis from the subject to the fronted element in the sentence: At the beach, I always feel content. Never could I have imagined the horrors that awaited us. The first sentence begins with the adverbial at the beach. Though the phrase precedes the subject I, it is still a part of the complete predicate. At the beach modifies the verb feel. . . . The second sentence begins with the adverb never and the modal auxiliary verb could. Though it precedes the subject, could is still a part of the verb phrase could have imagined. - (Michael Strumpf and Auriel Douglas, The Grammar Bible. Owl Books, 2004)

The Rights of Children in Asylum under the UN Essay

The Rights of Children in Asylum under the UN - Essay Example Children who have separated such as the children who are far away from their states of derivation and alienated from parents or other relatives are not visible in this world. This invisibility is divided into two folds, first as children who frequently have no authority to raise their voice and secondly as asylum seekers, are prevented to have attention or power in the society. If these children are mostly invisible in the first case than who will become aware of them if they go missing Who will support on their behalf and participate as a substitute parent to prompt the state that its responsibilities under the UN Convention on the rights of the child relate to all children within its country, be they populace or not. Frequently, romantic concept of early days differentiates sharply with the severe actuality for a lot children globally. Amnesty international has recognized human rights infringement of children together with killing by death groups, agony, unfair imprisonment, obligatory genital disfigurement, slavery, trafficking on sensitive organs and cruelty of lane children. Additionally enforced marriage, forced recruitment and individuals trafficking and most of the children are repeatedly mistreated just because they are kids. Specific violation towards children of human rights has still to find clear example in government. Perhaps to guard the children. It is prefer to provide such children unseen rather than thinking about their encounters. However, the reason that they are grown-up adults and that going missing interprets as deciding to go secretive. While some may have a mature behavior as a result of their previous experiences it is these same experiences which have roughly overwhelme d the blameless child surrounded by. Maybe if they are called matured, they become grown-up and are called as asylum seekers. Although, these children should be observed as children initially and as primary plus their migration position should be less important. The best happiness of the child are dominant in any choice. For example, visualize that your family has been misplaced due to political brutality and eventually you become an orphan. You are only twelve years old and have soft retardation. A companion eventually protects a ticket and migration papers to dash you to the United States for refuge. Leading towards the entrance, you are under arrest for demeanor of a false passport. You are questioned single-handedly in a lingo you do not converse or understand. You discover yourself locked up in a mature prison with illegal criminals awaiting a managerial migration investigating on your allege to asylum. The system actually forgets to take you to see a migration judge for about eight to nine months. Yet while signified by in favor of bono advice, the migration court rejects you asylum and you stay locked up amongst the adults while you plea your case. You waste your initial three years in the United States, dragging your feet from jail to jail. At last you are free to a refugee protection and a new asylum consideration is prearranged. This strange step is the effect of worldwide media reporting and over seventy constituents of the assembly, several public notices is of foundations and thousands of people pleasing to migration systems for you. You then experience the greatest asylum tryout in U.S.

Major factors in managing construction of house Assignment

Major factors in managing construction of house - Assignment Example The completion of any project is the successful conglomeration of many factors. Construction of house is also no exception to this. The following factors must be taken care of by the project manager in the ensuring that all activities are completed in time. License from the authority for the construction Availability of wood, nail, gum, plumbing material, wiring material, curtain, carpet etc Availability of Labour Efficient use of resources Completion of each activity in time so that the project can be finished as desired (i)Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of network and the WBS. Advantages of Networking Helps the project manager to concentrate their attention to the critical activities and their completion in time Provides the best way of planning and scheduling a project Give complete information about duration, slackness etc of activities Suggest areas for increasing efficiency and reduction of costs Helps to formulate new schedules and when the existing schedule cannot be met Minimizes delay in completion of the project Disadvantages of Networking The realistic time estimates are not obtained. In the case of new and non-repetitive type of projects, the time estimates are more often mere guesses It is not easy to develop a clear logical network in some cases The level of network details cannot be determined properly in some cases. The level of details varies from planner to planner depending on the judgment and experience Lack of trained personnel in the network methodology. Advantages of WBS Allows the project manager to understand the scope of the project Facilitates the manager to understand the various activities, sub activities and their completion time It provides the frame work to understand the planning and controlling cost of the project It can be revised as and when required by the manger Disadvantages of WBS In case of some projects, certain activities cannot be delineated from other activities because of overlapping The exact deliverables need not be estimated with accuracy in case of all projects The philosophy of WBS preparation may change from firm to firm. (k) Integrate WBS and OBS for the project Responsibility Assignment Matrix (RAM) Performing Department Landscaping Foundation Siding Roofing Plumbing Finishing Project Manager (Andy) Plastering Framing Wiring Skylight TV Antenna Painting Make Curtain Lay Carpet Builder ( Joseph) X X Electrician (John) X X Plumber (Tony) X Handyman (

Life Stressors Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Life Stressors Journal - Assignment Example This means that the period assessed was packed with high stress levels ( Koocher & Greca, 2011). I was not surprised by my life stressors since I experienced tough times and was always indoors thinking about my stressors. My major stressors were my education; that is, my fees, grades and competition from other students. These stressors greatly impacted my socializing skills forcing me to be a loner. I tried reaching out to friends as my relaxation technique, by creating a good social support system, and it really worked as I realized that a problem shared is half solved. Major health risks associated with distress are; insomnia, bouts of anger, depression, restlessness, tense muscles, and fatigue. The critical point in managing stress is our ability to control how we react to the situation that led to the stress. We are usually so busy living our life that we don’t take time to stop and assess. We should practice the various relaxation techniques for a healthy living (Koocher & Greca,

Similarties and Differences Essay Example for Free

Similarties and Differences Essay Every day in real life we go through a many struggles ranging from man vs. man, man vs. himself and even man vs. nature. The most common struggle we all face is that of man versus man. In the short stories â€Å"Cathedral† by Raymond Carter and Ernest Hemmingway’s â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† the main principal of the story is that of man versus man. In both short stories 3 characters are used, but in each story each character is completely different than the other. â€Å"Cathedral† and â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† share similarities and differences with the main principal of man versus man and the reasoning behind why one man is against the other. Both stories also share similarities and differences in their setting and the most significant differences both stories have is the resolution. In â€Å"Cathedral† and â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† 3 main characters are used. In each story, one character is the antagonist (the man going against the other) and the protagonist. In â€Å"Cathedral† the main characters are the wife, the husband, and Robert. The husband is the antagonist while Robert is the protagonist. In â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† the three main characters are a customer who is an old man, a young waiter and older waiter. The younger waiter is the antagonist in while the old man is the protagonist. Both stories share the similarities between their characters that the protagonist and antagonist are both men. Robert in â€Å"Catherdral† is a friend of the antagonist’s wife and that Robert is blind. The old man in â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† is the protagonist, who the other characters and reader know nothing about other than the fact that he is old. In both stories, the wife and the older waiter both try the protagonist. The first line in â€Å"Cathedral† is â€Å"This blind man, an old friend of my wifes, he was on his way to spend the night†. The wife knows the blind man and is friends with him. In â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† the younger waiter is angry because he doesn’t understand why the old man won’t go home to which the older waiter replies â€Å"‘He stays up because he likes it. ’ While the characters are similar and different in each story the main conflict of Man versus Man is another point that each story shares similarities and differences. In both â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† and â€Å"Cathedral† the central issue and reasoning behind the conflict of man versus man is addressed. In each story one main character is against another, both have similar and different reasons of why. In both stories the major conflict of man versus man happens because the antagonist does not fully understand the protagonist. In â€Å"Cathedral† the husband is against Robert because he does not know how to act around Robert because Robert is blind. The husband has never had to encounter a blind person before and doesn’t wish to. A excerpt from â€Å"Cathedral† shows exactly how the husband feels of Robert’s visit: â€Å"I wasnt enthusiastic about his visit. He was no one I knew. And his being blind bothered me†. There shows the main reasoning of why the husband is against Robert. In â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† the younger waiter is against the old man because he is tired and wants to go home. The younger waiter doesn’t understand why the old man is still at his cafe so late. The younger waiter also doesn’t like the old man because of his age; he tells the older waiter â€Å"’I wouldnt want to be that old. An old man is a nasty thing. ’ Also throughout the story the younger waiter is talking of how the old man tried to commit suicide and how he doesn’t understand why. The younger waiter is making assumptions about the old man throughout the story and finally kicks him out of the cafe. The reasoning that the younger waiter is against the old man is that he doesn’t understand the actions of the old man and doesn’t want to. Both stories share that in common, that the antagonist does not understand and does not want to get to know the protagonist. Both stories share similarities between man versus man and the reasoning behind this conflict. â€Å"Cathedral† and â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† also share similarities and differences between their settings. Both â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† and â€Å"Cathedral† take place at night time. The first line in â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† is: â€Å"It was very late and everyone had left the cafe except an old man who sat in the shadow the leaves of the tree made against the electric light†. In â€Å"Cathedral† the story starts around dinner time and goes into the night. Although both stories take place at night time- both stories have tremendously different places. In â€Å"Cathedral† the story takes place in the wife husband’s house. In â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† the story takes place at a small cafe. Neither one of the stories gives a town’s name for the reader to associate the story with. Also, neither story gives too many details about the place of the story. The only indication of how the cafe was in â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† was when the older waiter said â€Å"†¦ This is a clean and pleasant cafe. It is well lighted†. Both stories share the similarity in setting because of the stories taking place at night time. Both stories are different in the setting because of the fact that one takes place in a house, and the other takes place in a cafe. Although both short stories share their similarities with the characters, the main conflict and the setting- both stories have a very different resolution. In â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† the younger waiter, the antagonist, eventually kicks out the old man, the protagonist. The older waiter then tries to talk to the younger waiter about how the cafe can be a place of peace for certain people, regardless of the time. The younger waiter doesn’t want to have that conversation; he just wants to go home. The younger waiter is selfish and if it doesn’t benefit him, he doesn’t want anything to do with it. In â€Å"Cathedral† the husband, the antagonist, eventually gets to know Robert, the protagonist. Towards the end of the story Robert and the husband share some stories, share some laughs. As the husband and Robert are watching television, Robert asks the husband to try to explain what a Cathedral looks like. When the husband can’t explain to Robert what a cathedral looks like, Robert has the husband draw a cathedral while Robert’s hand is on the pen being used also. Then Robert tells the husband to close his eyes and keep drawing, and the husband does. The last line in â€Å"Cathedral† was the husband saying ’Its really something,’. This last line shows that the husband finally understands that although Robert is blind, that Robert can still experience things just as well as him. The resolution in â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† was the fact that the younger waiter got to go home, but the younger waiter didn’t take anything away from his experience meaning the conflict he has with the old man is still on going. In â€Å"Cathedral† the husband eventually stops the conflict of man versus man when he finally realizes that Robert is just like him. The short stories â€Å"Cathedral† by Raymond Carter and â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† by Ernest Hemmingway both share similarities and differences. When the similarities are pointed out the two stories seem to run parallel with each other: man versus man, 3 characters and the setting. But, when the differences in the details of man versus man, the three characters and the setting are pointed out it is easy to see these stories have completely different plots and twists. The major difference between both stories is the resolution. Both stories show similarities and differences within each.

Leadership And Teamwork In Action

Leadership And Teamwork In Action When reflecting on the practical team event, based in the Llandysul Paddlers and Canoe centre on the first and second of November, many examples of teamwork and leadership were shown by the group members. When faced with some of the tasks and problems that the occurred during the event, different members of the team displayed various characteristics that showed them to be team workers or team leaders, and sometimes even both. The following report reflects on some points raised during the event, and aims to show examples of leadership and teamwork in action. The report also discusses various topics which include, but are not limited to, how the team developed over the weekend, what leadership skills and strategies were covered by the event and how leadership skills were developed and influenced by the event. Other topics which are relevant to the subject matter with also be discussed and critically analysed. 2.0 Methodology The research methodology used for the basis of this report is mainly first hand account of a weekend attended by myself and the other people in my lecture group. I will use first hand experiences from this weekend, along with academic theory and relevant examples. 3.0 Main Body Colin Powell once stated that leadership is the art of accomplishing more than the science of management says is possible. This statement reflects on the fact that good leadership is a skill that you are not born with, but something that needs to be developed. To become a good leader, your skills must be developed through a process of training, education and experience. The practical team event on the 1st and 2nd of November was an experience which proved to be a valuable insight into the roles of a person in a position of leadership, and showed many examples of teamwork in action. From the outset of the weekend, it was clear by the way in which it was proposed, that it would be a very team orientated event. Our group met on the morning of the 1st of November, and we were gathered onto busses and taken to the Llandysul Paddlers and Canoe Centre, Carmarthenshire. When we entered the centre, we were greeted by all the centre staff, and introduced to them all. This appeared to be done in a very informal way, though it served a purpose. Not only to introduce the team leaders to all of the group members, but also to re-enforce the sense of team atmosphere in the centre. The leader of the staff team, and the manager of the centre Gareth Bryant, first introduced himself, then the other staff members. It was also done to address the question of who was the leader of the staff team. It was only after introducing everyone that our teams were selected. To encourage people to integrate with people outside of their friendship circles, and to make new friends, it was not left to the team members to choose which team they would like to be in. As expected, when everyone entered the centre, and took a seat, people sat in their friendship groups with people that they knew and trusted. In an attempt to break this barrier of friendship, Gareth selected the groups at random. This ensured that the teams were well mixed with a wide variety of team members of various sex and backgrounds. To encourage team dynamics, after our teams had been chosen for us, we were shown to our sleeping quarters, and it was implied that each team should stick together over the course of the weekend very closely. In this environment, where dangerous activities are taking place, it is more important than ever to have a fully functioning and well selected team. Teams can achieve brilliant things if they are well functioning and work well together. This is mainly because of the team sense of purpose, where everyone is aiming to achieve one single outcome. According to the work of Dr. Meredith Belbin (Management Teams Why they succeed and fail, 1981) members of a group or team can have many roles associated with each of them that allows for a smooth running group that works well. Belbin defines a team role as A tendency to behave, contribute and interrelate with others in a particular way. These behavioural tendencies facilitate the progress of a team, because of the way people with different roles work with each other. The members of a team know their place in the team, and can benefit the team as a whole by helping to work towards the objectives set. Belbins research concluded that there are nine team roles, within a well functioning team, and each of these roles must be played by at least one team member. This does of course not mean that each member is limited to one role, or that a team should have nine members to work well. It simply means that if each of these roles is present within a team, the team will work to a much higher standard overall. After working through some team exercises with some of my team members, it was clear to me that some of what Belbins research suggested was indeed the case. It soon became apparent to some extent that members of the team were showing characteristics in line with those suggested by the research. Some members of the team were happy to just be a team worker, and simply do what is needed of them. Other team members were constantly coming up with new ideas, and new ways to tackle problems. These are known as Planters because they are creative and imaginative and keep arriving at ideas to face problems. During many of the exercises, I was quite disappointed to find that I displayed a lot of the characteristics of a monitor evaluator. Although this, as all the other roles, is an important one, it did mean that I simply got on with the job in hand, and lacked the drive to inspire others. This is probably due to my lack of confidence with my own ideas, as sometimes I do not raise ideas as I think that other people will not agree with them. I did notice this lack of confidence becoming much less of a problem as the event progressed, however. I did occasionally get given the opportunity to become a co-ordinator, when I was given leadership roles, but I will discuss that in more detail later on. The way in which the teams were selected for this exercise also meant that friends were placed in opposite teams that would occasionally have the chance to compete with each other. Competition is very important for teams to work well because a lot of people thrive on the thrill of competition, and generally love to compete. At the very least, this is due to the fact that people love to take part in an activity with a purpose, but more often than not, people compete for the thrill of winning. Admittedly, a lot of people stick to the ideal that its not the winning, but the taking part that counts. In this case, there are many examples of competition to help progress the teams. One such example occurred in the form of a race. The team building exercise showed many different examples of competition, but the biggest one was the plank walking exercise. The team was split into two groups by the instructor, and each team was given two planks of wood with pieces of rope attached. It was the job of each team to stand on the wood, whilst holding the rope and attempt to collectively walk the wood to the finish line. This task sounded simple, but was unfortunately full of difficulties. Our team was one of the worst performing in this task, not only because of a flawed system, but also because of bad communication within the team. Jennifer, one of our team members, elected herself immediately as the leader of our team, and started trying to devise a system as to how we could complete the task. Unfortunately, going back to Belbins theory, we had two other plant members of the team, each with different ideas. In the end, our system became too complicated, and while we were still discussing how we were going to attempt the task, the other team was completing its trial run. Katzenbach and Smith commented on teams in their book (The Wisdom of Teams, 1998) stating that a team is a small numbers of people with complimentary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals and common approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable. Teams are designed to maximise output, and encourage continuous improvement. In our example, this was certainly not the case. Due to conflicting personalities and ideas in the team, it took us far too long to bring what ideas we had into practice, and we were left behind in the race. This was partially due to the fact that the other team members may not have wanted to elect Jennifer as the leader and they disliked the fact that she took and otherwise positive step in using her own initiative to elect herself as one. I also believe that this exercise was a good example of the Ringlemann Effect in action. This is because moving the wood was a joint effort, but it became increasingly more and more difficult to move as time went on. I suggest that this was because people were slacking and loafing and not putting their full effort in. The stages of our group development were in fact closely matched to Tuckmans four stages of group development model. The forming stage was short lived, our group like all the others was formed early in the exercise at the centre. During this stage, there were few problems or conflicts within the group, as everyone was in high spirits. The first exercise that our group embarked upon was the Kayaking, which although we were in high spirits, people argued over equipment and small items very quickly. These arguments could most likely be attributed to the cold and wet weather. By our final exercise, the rock climbing, we seemed to have reached the third stage of the Tuckman model of norming. Our group was more established by this point and responsibilities were clear and well formed. Everyone was more open to suggestion and less likely to criticise. People were also less resistant to new ideas. The rock climbing was a good example personally of how peer pressure in groups works. I had been rock climbing before and had not enjoyed the experience. On this attempt, when it was my turn to face the rock, I had started to climb when a rock moved as I grabbed it, which knocked my confidence. I had decided to climb down from the rock by this point. When I saw everyone else scaling the same rock face later on, I felt that I should not have been so quick to give up. When it was my turn to attempt the abseiling, I attempted it with no fuss or problems at all. I even found myself encouraging other group members and comforting Simon by telling him how strong the ropes actually are. I feel personally that the rock climbing was the best experience for me, even if it was not the most successful in terms of results. I feel that I did well to overcome my initial fears in attempting it again. This was, in part, due to the advice and support of other team members, and of course group peer pressure. As I mentioned previously, teamwork is extremely important in tasks like this teambuilding weekend. This is not just due to reasons of morale, but also because of synergy. This basically means the interaction of two or more agents, so that their combined effect is greater than the sum of their individual effect. Simply put 1 + 1 = 3, because the effect on teamwork on a task improves output and efficiency greatly and in a very positive way. The leader of a team is described as a person who influences others so that they may accomplish an objective. This is quite a broad definition, though it applies just as well to most examples of teams in a team working environment or situation. If someone elects themselves as the head of a team, or their superior elects them as the leader, this does not automatically make them a leader. It simply makes them the person who is in charge. To be effective leaders you must make people want to achieve the goals that you set them, not because they are forced to accomplish or complete them. Bass (1989) theory of leadership explains that there are three ways to define how people become leaders or develop into a leadership role. In the case of examples of leadership from the team building exercise, it was always the case that there was a leader involved, simply because of the dangerous nature of the activities that we were doing. The instructor of each activity was normally the leader, as they had been told to do so by their manager, and it was their job. However, sometimes as the tasks involved allowed, the instructor stepped down and elected a different leader for the task. For the kayaking task, after we had some basic training on the water, the instructor stepped down to allow a different activity to take place. In this example, it was myself that was elected as the leader of the group. It was my task to transport a member of the group, who was pretending to be injured, across the lake. The severity of the situation was important and very high, because I was told that the injured party had hyperthermia setting in, and their condition would deteriorate rapidly if help was not found. As Bass describes in his transformational leadership theory, awareness of the importance of the task motivates people. This was certainly true in this case, because if there was no time limit, people would not be rushed to complete the task. Bass describes charisma as an important factor in leadership as charisma evokes strong emotions with the leaders followers. Being elected as the leader of the kayak task was not easy. The instructor advised me as to what equipment I was allowed to use and that everyone must reach the other side of the lake quickly and safely. When you are elected as a leader, especially in a crisis, it is often hard to decide which tasks to approach first. Bass talks about this in his Great events theory where he mentions that sometimes a crisis or event can cause someone to be elected as a leader, which was exactly what occurred in this situation. In my situation as leader for this task, I initially found it very difficult to effectively allocate resources, as I initially found myself focussing too much on certain aspects. The instructor was quick to step in and point out on a couple of occasions that I had team members who were sitting around, doing nothing. It was only later in the process that I began to effectively keep everyone in the team informed of the situation and to use the full capabilities of the group. One of the other important principles of leadership was that I needed to follow was to ensure that all tasks were understood and supervised until they were completed. This is important because some of the members of the group were not well informed at all times, so they simply sat around while others attempted to do the task around them. During this task, I definitely found that there was a communication barrier between myself and some of the Chinese speaking group members. This was usually just a language barrier. This was soon avoided when I managed to convince them of the severity of the task, and the speed needed to complete it. Trust was also an important factor in the exercise. The injured party was not allowed to move at all, or help her team mates in any way. Because of this, the injured team member had to be carried into a kayak and across the lake while being completely immobile. This must have been a hard task because putting all of your trust in the hands of people you hardly know, especially when there is water involved, is no small accomplishment. Communication is one of the key aspects of leadership. As I have previously mentioned, language can be a barrier, but communication of all aspects is important. Especially during the exercise when I found myself in a leadership role, I realised it was very important for your team as a whole to keep them informed of developments and even simply what you require them to do. It is often easy, especially when discussing ways to complete a task for team members to either not give any input at all, or to simply go along with the general consensus and not say anything. I feel that if I have learned anything about communication in this leadership weekend, it would be that is important to raise your own views, and to listen to the views of others, and take their comments and criticisms on board. 4.0 Conclusions Leadership is the art of influencing people accomplish tasks and objectives. Leadership is not something that you are born with, however you are born with certain traits which make some people more suitable for leadership roles than others. Leadership skills must be developed through time. Teamwork can be a very important tool that helps develop and accomplish tasks. There are many different types of people who make up a team, but too many people with new ideas can make the situation become argumentative. Over the course of the management weekend, some people showed themselves to be more suited to leadership than others, or more suited to teamwork than others. However, the duration of the weekend was short. Some suggested that it should have been over a longer period, even as long as a week. This would have given us more chance to develop theory associated with teamwork and leadership, however, time and financial concerns would limit this greatly. Overall the weekend was an excellent opportunity to see management, leadership and teamwork in action, and was a very valuable experience overall.

Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights †Themes of Reading and Books :: Wuthering Heights Essays

Wuthering Heights – Themes of Reading and Books An author’s particular style and technique, is usually greatly attributed to their personality and individual preference.   In the case of Emily Bronte, she was an extremely withdrawn and private person; and it is because of this, why she turned to books as a form of expression.   In her notorious Wuthering Heights, she uses books as an important way to illustrate a number of key issues; most notably character, and the theme of love.   Although subtle in her method, Bronte passion is what she employs as a tool in the construction of the epic tale.    In the novel Wuthering Heights, the first time we are given reference to books is during chapter 3, prior to Lockwood’s nightmare. Here we find the delirious houseguest in the confines of a mysterious room, and we are told that â€Å"Catherine’s library was select, and its state of dissipation proved it to have been well used.†(p.24).   Instantly, this simple piece of information proved useful in giving the reader a glimpse of Catherine’s character.   From this statement, we are able to conclude that Catherine was in fact a woman of knowledge; but we are still left to wonder exactly what type of knowledge she had.   The fascinating attribute about books is that we all have different preferences.   Furthermore is the fact that reading is usually seen as escapism of some sort; thus, it brings a sense of individualism into a world of persuasion, as well as peace of mind in an atmosphere of chaos. We will go further into this as we progress.      Books are often used to shield us against the genuine problems of the human race. This is a main method of avoidance, although we must realize that there weren’t many other alternatives for entertainment. Books have the most powerful effects on its’ audience because it’s the only form of media whose outcomes rely solely on that of the reader; we also must consider that literature has been present for thousands of centuries. Books, therefore, are not only able to inform us, but let us portray the outcomes to our liking.    When Lockwood’s nightmare scene is at it’s climax, he is able to get rid of the terrifying figure when â€Å"(he) snatched (his hand) through the hole, (and) hurriedly piled the books up in a pyramid against it.

Cooperative Learning Advantages for English Language Learners

Concerted acquisition is defined as any group larning activity organized in such a manner that acquisition is dependent on the socially structured exchange of academic content every bit good as other information between the specific group of scholars, and whereas each single scholar is accountable for his/her ain acquisition ( Tinker-Sachs et Al, 2003 ) . Furthermore, Kagan ( 2002 ; 1994 ) states that concerted acquisition will finally take to additions in the acquisition of other members in the group. Kagan postulates ( 2002 ) that concerted acquisition is an first-class instruction scheme that promotes enhanced larning for diverse pupil populations and is particularly good for English linguistic communication scholars. Noyes ( 2010 ) further provinces that English linguistic communication scholars take parting in concerted larning groups non merely increase overall apprehension of the English linguistic communication, they besides develop deeper apprehension of academic content eve ry bit good as academic linguistic communication. Continuing research from Cummins ( 2009 ) suggest that pupils with diverse larning abilities, including pupils with larning disablements improve their accomplishments through the natural staging schemes found in concerted acquisition groups. What is Concerted Learning? Concerted propensity is basically a instruction method that utilizes little groups of pupils or squads where, each pupil has a specific occupation or duty in the group. The instructor structures pupils of assorted ability degrees in a little group, so that effectual staging for the English linguistic communication scholar will augment and heighten pupil larning. Students of different ability degrees participate in a assortment of larning activities designed by the instructor to better their overall apprehension of specific academic content or capable ( Noyes, 2010 ; Kagan, 2002 ; Kagan, 1994 ) . Additionally, each member of the squad is responsible for a specific part of the content, but is besides compelled to assist other members of the group learn the needed content aim ( Noyes, 2010 ; Kagan, 2002 ; Kagan, 1994 ) . Even modern-day research suggests that concerted acquisition creates favourable larning results for English linguistic communication scholars ( Murray, 2010 ) . Further more, by delegating unequivocal occupations or undertakings to each pupil, the group as a whole plant through the assignment and/or undertaking until each group member is able to successfully complete the activity and addition deeper apprehension of activity ( Noyes, 2010 ; Kagan, 2002 ; Kagan, 1994 ) . Cooperative acquisition has four basic rules with the acronym PIES. The P stands for positive mutuality, the I stands for single answerability, the E stands for equal engagement, and the S stands for coincident interaction ( Kagan, 2002 ; Kagan, 1994 ) . Kagan ( 1994 ) states that if any one of these four BASIC rules is non implemented, no concerted acquisition will be involved. Therefore, it is indispensable that all four rules are utilized for the academic content country in order for concerted acquisition to happen with fidelity. Therefore, it is important that the instructor to the full understands the basic four basic rules and chorus from extinguishing any of the cardinal constituents of concerted acquisition ( Noyes, 2010 ; Kagan, 2002 ; Kagan, 1994 ) . Both Kagan ( 2002 ) and Sharan ( 2010 ) further province that the concerted acquisition theoretical account leads to additions and expeditious apprehension for English linguistic communication scholars because group unwritten treatments lead to additions in the usage of the English linguistic communication through both colloquial duologue every bit good as written linguistic communication. By leting pupils to utilize and keep academic English conversations for pupils whose primary linguistic communication is non English, their develop more meaningful experience with the English linguistic communication, which in bend, leads to higher order believing accomplishments ( Sharan, 2010 ; Shaaban, 2006 ; Tinker-Sachs et Al, 2003 ) . Concerted acquisition is rather different from the direct direction learning theoretical account, every bit good as other traditional teaching methods. Traditional direction relies on the instructor to leave direct direction or talk to the pupils, while they sit passively, purportedly absorbing academic information in their encephalons, every bit good as understanding the English linguistic communication. However, even though the instructor may be patterning academic English linguistic communication throughout direct direction, research indicates that there are far excessively few chances to utilize the English linguistic communication for pupils whose primary linguistic communication is non English. Besides, with traditional instruction theoretical accounts, diverse scholars have small chance to increase academic vocabulary and content ( Chang, 2008 ; Gaith and Bouzeineddine, 2003 ) . Concerted Learning and English Language Acquisition for ELLs As antecedently mentioned, by utilizing concerted acquisition constructions, the English linguistic communication scholar will develop and better their overall English linguistic communication ( Cummins, 2009 ; Shaaban, 2006 ; Kagan, 2002 ) . When farther analyzed, Sharan ( 2010 ) states that English linguistic communication scholars use the English linguistic communication in its natural context. Further, utilizing the English linguistic communication to heighten functional interaction and real-life conversations increases understanding and increases transference. Besides, pupils working together in concerted acquisition constructions tend to modify their degree of address to suit each other ( Murray, 2010 ; Chang, 2008 ) . Plus, pupils in concerted grouping are able to modulate their ain English linguistic communication end product to guarantee that each squad member comprehends and understands each other ( Sharan, 2010 ; Kagan, 2002 ) . Another linguistic communication benefit for English linguistic communication scholars is they are speaking to a group member, as opposed to the full category, which allows the English linguistic communication scholars to derive some assurance with English. When concerted acquisition is implemented suitably, the squad members are supportive of one another during English linguistic communication acquisition ( Tinker-Sachs et Al, 2003 ; Kagan, 2002 ) . Other Benefits for English Language Learners There are several other benefits to cooperative larning for English linguistic communication scholars in add-on to greater academic accomplishment. Kagan ( 2002 ) states that pupils in concerted constructions develop improved self-esteem and beef up their societal accomplishments in category. Furthermore, pupils build community in their schoolroom by cultivating societal relationships and credence of pupils from other ethnicities or pupils with disablements ( Cummins, 2009 ) . With active pupil engagement, concerted larning Fosters increased enthusiasm for the category, school, and instruction ( Murray, 2010 ) . Teaching Cautions Teachers must be aware of the basic principals of concerted acquisition and really pass instructional clip learning the pupils how to efficaciously utilize non merely the scheme, but besides their single functions and duties ( Noyes, 2010 ) . The instructor is responsible for non merely academic content, but must vouch that the concerted group ( s ) will forbear from any negative remarks or comments directed toward any teammate and/or work merchandise. Students must experience safe and secure in the concerted acquisition construction in order to accomplish maximal benefit and deeper apprehension of academic content ( Kagan, 2002 ; Kagan, 1994 ) . It is besides critical that all pupils understand their function in the group, every bit good as group and instructor outlooks ( Sharan, 2010 ) . Another consideration the instructor must turn to is the noise degree in the schoolroom. Good schoolroom direction is important for optimal pupil success. The instructor will hold to supervise the groups to be certain that pupils are on undertaking and that each squad member is an active participant. Furthermore, pupils need to actively listen every bit good as participate ( Noyes, 2010 ; Kagan, 2002 ) . Decision Cooperative acquisition has been the topic of much research that continues today. Cummins ( 2009 ) posits that pupils have much higher happenings of unwritten English linguistic communication use throughout the instructional twenty-four hours when utilizing concerted acquisition schemes. Noyes ( 2010 ) concurs with several research workers sing the many benefits of concerted larning with English linguistic communication scholars. By leting pupils to actively listen and take part in group acquisition, the belief among outstanding research workers is that concerted acquisition will shut the accomplishment spread so that all pupils will be able to win in school and so travel on to go successful members of the community. Concerted acquisition Teachs pupils non merely increased English linguistic communication accomplishments, but besides societal accomplishments, credence and tolerance of others, increased pupil duty, and additions in self-pride ( Sharan, 2010 ; Cummins, 2009 ; Kagan, 20 02 ) .

Understanding the Dual Court System

Understanding the Dual Court System A â€Å"dual court system† is a judicial structure employing two independent court systems, one operating at the local level and the other at the national level. The United States and Australia have the world’s longest-running dual court systems. Under the United States’ system of power-sharing known as â€Å"federalism,† the nation’s dual court system is composed of two separately operating systems: the federal courts and the state courts. In each case, the court systems or judicial branches operate independently from the executive and legislative branches. Why the US Has a Dual Court System Rather than evolving or â€Å"growing into† one, the United States has always had a dual court system. Even before the Constitutional Convention convened in 1787, each of the original Thirteen Colonies had its own court system loosely based on English laws and judicial practices most familiar to colonial leaders. In striving to create the system of checks and balances through separation of powers that is now arguably considered their best idea, the framers of the U.S. Constitution sought to create a judicial branch that would have no more power than either the executive or legislative branches. To achieve this balance, the framers limited the jurisdiction or power of the federal courts, while maintaining the integrity of the state and local courts. Jurisdiction of Federal Courts A court system’s â€Å"jurisdiction† describes the types of cases it is constitutionally allowed to consider. In general, the federal courts’ jurisdiction includes cases dealing in some way with federal laws enacted by Congress and interpretation and application of the U.S. Constitution. The federal courts also deal with cases whose outcomes may impact multiple states, involve interstate crime and major crimes like human trafficking, drug smuggling, or counterfeiting. Also, the â€Å"original jurisdiction† of the U.S. Supreme Court allows the Court to settle cases involving disputes between states, disputes between foreign countries or foreign citizens and U.S. states or citizens. While the federal judicial branch operates separately from the executive and legislative branches, it must often work with them when required by the Constitution. Congress passes federal laws which must be signed by the President of the United States. The federal courts determine the constitutionality of federal laws and resolve disputes over how federal laws are enforced. However, the federal courts depend on the executive branch agencies to enforce their decisions. Jurisdiction of the State Courts The state courts deal with cases not falling under the jurisdiction of the federal courts- for example, cases involving family law (divorce, child custody, etc.), contract law, probate disputes, lawsuits involving parties located in the same state, as well as almost all violations of state and local laws. As implemented in the United States, the dual federal/state court systems give the state and local courts leeway to â€Å"individualize† their procedures, legal interpretations, and decisions to best fit the needs of the communities they serve. For example, large cities may need to reduce murders and gang violence, while small rural towns may need to deal with theft, burglary, and minor drug violations. About 90% of all cases dealt with in the U.S. court system are heard in the state courts. Operational Structure of the Federal Court System The US Supreme Court As created by Article III of the U.S. Constitution, the U.S. Supreme Court stands as the highest court in the United States. The Constitution merely created the Supreme Court, while assigning the task of passing federal laws and creating a system of lower federal courts. Congress has responded over the years to create the current federal court system made up of 13 courts of appeals and 94 district level trial courts sitting below the Supreme Court. Federal Courts of Appeals The U.S. Courts of Appeals is made up of 13 appellate courts located within the 94 federal judicial districts. The appeals courts decide whether or not federal laws were correctly interpreted and applied by the district trial courts under them. Each appeals court has three presidentially-appointed judges, and no juries are used. Disputed decisions of the appeals courts can be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. Federal Bankruptcy Appellate Panels Operating in five of the 12 regional federal judicial circuits, the Bankruptcy Appellate Panels (BAPs) are 3-judge panels authorized to hear appeals to decisions of bankruptcy courts BAPs are currently located in the First, Sixth, Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Circuits. Federal District Trial Courts The 94 district trial courts making up the system of U.S. District Courts do what most people think courts do. They call juries that weigh evidence, testimony, and arguments, and apply legal principles to decide who is right and who is wrong. Each district trial court has one presidentially-appointed district judge. The district judge is assisted in preparing cases for trial by one or more magistrate judge, who may also conduct trials in misdemeanor cases. Each state and the District of Columbia have at least one federal district court, with a U.S. bankruptcy court operating under it. The U.S. territories of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands each have a federal district court and a bankruptcy court. Purpose of the Bankruptcy Courts The federal bankruptcy courts have exclusive jurisdiction to hear cases involving business, personal, and farm bankruptcy. The bankruptcy process allows individuals or business that cannot pay their debts to seek a court-supervised program to either liquidate their remaining assets or reorganize their operations as needed to pay off all or part of their debt. The state courts are not allowed to hear bankruptcy cases. Special Federal Courts The federal court system also has two special-purpose trial courts: The U.S. Court of International Trade deals with cases involving U.S. customs laws and international trade disputes. The U.S. Court of Federal Claims decides claims for monetary damages filed against the U.S. government. Military Courts Military courts are completely independently from state and federal courts and operate by their own rules of procedure and applicable laws as detailed in the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Structure of the State Court System While more limited in scope the basic structure and function of the state court system closely resembling that of the federal court system. State Supreme Courts Each state has a State Supreme Court which reviews the decisions of the state trial and appeals courts for compliance with the state’s laws and constitution. Not all states call their highest court the â€Å"Supreme Court.† For example, New York calls its highest court the New York Court of Appeals. Decisions of the State Supreme Courts can be appealed directly to the U.S. Supreme Court under the Supreme Court’s â€Å"original jurisdiction.† State Courts of Appeals Each state maintains a system of localized appeals courts that hear appeals from the decisions of the state trial courts. State Circuit Courts Each state also maintains geographically dispersed circuit courts that hear civil and criminal cases. Most state judicial circuits also have special courts that hear cases involving family and juvenile law. Municipal Courts Finally, most charted cities and towns in each state maintain municipal courts that hear cases involving violations of city ordinances, traffic violations, parking violations, and other misdemeanors. Some municipal courts also have limited jurisdiction to hear civil cases involving things like unpaid utility bills and local taxes.